In order to speed up the pace of urban construction, improve the modern civilization of the city, adapt to the development needs of the modern science and technology era, accelerate the development of domestic cities to international metropolises. The use of modern and advanced non-contact radio frequency technology to manage crowded public places such as buses, subways, parking lots, parks and tourist attractions can quickly and effectively channel people. For financial transactions, it has a uniquely high level of security and reliability, effectively preventing counterfeiting and other illegal operations. Develop and research the bus system Smart Cards ticket management system, which is a perfection and supplement to the existing bus ticketing system, which can reduce operating costs, increase operating income, improve safety, reduce fraud rate, and accurately and timely count The operation of each road and various shifts effectively improves the scientific management level and operational efficiency of the public transportation system.
1 Basic components of smart card management system
The contactless CPU smart card management system is based on the application of the smart card supported by the network. The hardware composition is shown in Figure 1, and the software management part is shown in Figure 2. Generally, it can be divided into five functional units: distribution system, terminal system, inquiry system, settlement center and security system. These five functional units form the main station and the terminal. The main station includes a distribution system, a settlement center, and a part of the function modules of the security system and the inquiry system; the terminal mainly includes functions of the terminal system, the security system, and another part of the inquiry system; the network is used to contact the main station and the terminal, and the application system structure block diagram As shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 1 Block diagram of the hardware composition of the contactless CPU smart card management system .jpg)
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of software management for contactless CPU smart card management system
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Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the non-contact CPU smart card application system
1.1.1 Distribution System
The release of a contactless CPU smart card refers to a white card, that is, a smart card containing only factory information is personalized and sent to the user. Contactless smart card personalization refers to the process of setting the card's read/write mode to initialize system information and user information to the white card. The distribution system is to complete some service work of contactless smart card distribution, including saving, changing cards, and returning cards. The distribution system uses a release database to record the user's account opening information. The system consists of the following components:
(1) The new card issuance module accepts the user's card application, records the user's identity information, accepts the user's password input, and personalizes the system's password and user's password together with the user's deposit amount to the new card, and simultaneously publishes the database. The user appends an account record.
(2) Stored value module The funds after the completion of the card is saved.
(3) Loss and card replacement module The user's card is reported to be lost. After the report is lost, the card serial number is added to the waste card database of each consumer terminal. There are usually two reasons for changing the card: First, the card is replaced after the loss is reported. At this time, the user must be reassigned the serial number (account number), and then the remaining amount is calculated through the consumption list of each consumer terminal and the release database of the total station. You must wait until the system account is summarized before you can change the card. Second, the card issuer replaces the card format or system password for security reasons. At this time, you only need to re-personalize a new card according to the original card.
(4) Card Return Module Accept the user's card refund application and return the balance in the card to the user. This module also completes the logout of the user's records in the release database and the consumption details library after checking the balance of payments.
(5) System maintenance module Used to maintain the system database, including query and add, delete, change and other functions.
1.1.2 Terminal System
The terminal system completes the user's consumption management and consumption accounting management, and mainly includes the following modules:
(1) User Interface Since the user is usually not a professional, the user interface is simple and elegant. In terms of current software development techniques, a graphical user interface is preferred.
(2) The consumption management module controls the amount of consumption of the user according to the remaining amount in the smart card, and limits the overdraft.
(3) Consumer billing management module Record user consumption and form a detailed account.
(4) Network communication module Responsible for network communication with the main station.
1.1.3 Settlement Center
The settlement center analyzes the balance of payments and checks the balance of payments, and forms accounts in a specific format, which mainly includes the following modules:
(1) Account creation module The income and expenditure account is established in a specific format according to the issued database and the consumption detail database.
(2) The terminal management module is responsible for communicating with each terminal network and collecting data from each terminal.
1.1.4 Query System
The query system is embedded in the distribution system, terminal system and settlement center, and includes the following modules:
(1) Card content inquiry module is mainly used to check the balance in the card.
(2) Consumption Details Query Module Supports users' inquiries about specific consumption conditions over a period of time.
(3) Account inquiry Check the account statement generated by the settlement center to check the balance of payments.
1.1.5 Security System
Since in the contactless smart card application system, the user's consumption is determined according to the content of the smart card, an effective security mechanism will be the key to the success of the entire system. In a contactless smart card application system, the security system is embedded in multiple systems. Any of these operations must be performed by a security endorser. The security system in its management system mainly includes the following parts:
(1) The security mechanism setting module is used to generate system security information (system passwords, encryption and decryption keys, etc.), set operation authority of each level for different operators, set the transmission mode of confidential information in the network, and realize system information. Secure storage and updates.
(2) Operation protection module According to the operator's authority, the legality check of various operation requests is embedded in each functional unit.
(3) Entity confirmation module Confirm the authenticity of the card, identify the fake card and illegal attack and alarm.
1.1.6 Network
In the contactless smart card application system, each terminal and the settlement center transmit information in ciphertext through the network. The terminal directly confirms the legitimacy of the user according to the information issued in the card, and does not need to confirm to the head office through the network. Therefore, the real-time requirement of the network is not high, and the telephone line can be used for network construction, which is also considering the actual situation of the network development in China. .
2 system basic configuration
Hardware of contactless smart card management system in public transportation system
3 Basic characteristics and security measures of smart cards
3.1.1 Basic characteristics of smart cards
The bus smart card is a non-contact CPU smart card. There is a high-speed RF communication interface between the card and the terminal, which has the characteristics of high transmission rate and short processing time. The smart card integrates 8-bit devices on a single chip. The following are the main types, which can be configured according to the situation.
(1) Network server Provides real-time data information sharing, security, and network service functions for each site using the system in a network environment.
(2) Microcomputers with grades above 486 implement computer management in card sales, sign-in, summary, statistics and reports.
(3) Communication and inquiry type smart card reader configuration The reading, writing and querying of the smart card is realized at the card making and selling card, check-in and summary.
(4) Vehicle-mounted smart card readers The card verification and deduction of card-holders and the classification and statistics of driver traffic and income are realized on the bus.
(5) The card verification and password type smart card reader is used to check the card and wash the card and add the password.
(6) Laser printers Used to print various statistical reports on the production and sales of cards, fleets, lines and drivers.
The installation location and optional number of the above hardware devices can be selected and configured according to actual conditions. The structure diagram of the contactless smart card ticket management system in the whole public transportation system is shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 4 System hardware configuration diagram
CPU (users can choose MOTORLA, INTE and ATMEL companies, etc.), 8 Kbytes E2PROM, 512 bytes of RAM and 22 Kbytes of ROM for storing programs, a simulation for non-contact transmission of energy and data Interface, a random number generator, DES coprocessor management unit. The in-card operating system is a successful multi-application partition operating system. This management method is dynamic, that is, the number of partitions, files and record sizes can be flexibly processed. The operating system supports the ISO7816 file structure, supports multiple applications, and has automatic data recovery after abnormal interruption. The card's dedicated RF technology minimizes electromagnetic interference and has an anti-collision design. The card sensing distance is about 10cm. The antenna interface is programmed to meet the current international standards and can be adapted to new international standards. This makes the system ideal for applications in the bus sector and other applications that require fast verification and retrieval of data. The card performs standard DES and RSA encryption operations, and the data and data transactions in the card are extremely secure. At the same time, the operating system on the card has a macro operating system, which greatly enhances the security and speed.
A contactless smart card is a multi-application card. The operating system inside the card supports different types of applications and ensures a firewall between applications. The contactless smart card anti-collision protocol describes a method of processing when multiple cards are simultaneously present within the read/write distance of the terminal. The anti-collision protocol is based on the ISO14443B specification, which allows the terminal to communicate with multiple cards within the read/write distance. By using an algorithm, each card can be selected one by one. When the card is selected, the terminal and the card authenticate each other, and then the application begins processing the transaction. If a transaction is terminated unexpectedly, the outstanding transaction will be automatically restored before the next transaction begins. The contactless smart card has an encryption algorithm. Although the system can handle transactions when multiple cards may appear in the read/write area, the solution is to set the software of the terminal to be when multiple cards are simultaneously within the read/write distance. At the time, a signal indicating that there is an error is issued.
3.1.2 System Security Measures
Due to the content of the contactless smart card of public transportation, the transaction data in the in-vehicle reader and the transaction data transmitted to the host are all circulated as money, so the anti-counterfeiting and security of the data are very important. System security management includes dynamic authentication of the card to prevent illegal copying of cards and illegal operations; the system also includes additional security mechanisms such as: digital signature, key management, device registration and blacklist management to prevent blackmail transactions . The purpose of the system's security management mechanism is to protect the rights of bus system operators, cardholders and service contractors from data loss, extortion, vandalism and improper consumption, while ensuring that the normal operation of the system is affected. Very small, the overall security measures for the entire system are:
(1) Clearly classify system functions and perform modular programming;
(2) According to the different duties of the system operators, strictly limit the operating range and set the system password;
(3) Using the network function to divide the user rights with the relevant personnel of the system, and set the user password;
(4) All kinds of smart card readers with anti-vibration, dustproof, anti-magnetic and high-low temperature resistance are selected to ensure correct reading and writing of bus smart cards in various complicated environments.
(5) Select a smart card that has anti-magnetic, waterproof, anti-static and long-term retention of data in accordance with international standards, through the non-contact reading and writing of the card reader, to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data on the card.
4 settlement center management system
The settlement center management system collects transaction records for the sale and use of each card issued by the public transportation system. The system runs a database to maintain all issued cards and track the usage of those cards and the balance of the cards. The database can also be used to generate a variety of reports to balance the loading transaction information from the system with the funds collection system's accounts, while the system also manages and maintains the latest blacklists of cards and devices to prevent blackmail. All transaction data is safely transmitted from the vehicle terminal to the settlement center, which settles each card to ensure that no blackmail has occurred. The settlement center is able to provide transaction reports for each piece as well as monthly and annual settlements, clearing results and reports.
The settlement center uses 16-bit or 32-bit applications, and the system runs on a scalable server platform. The settlement center management system enables the operating company to manage all aspects of automatic charging, providing a simple and easy-to-understand Chinese and graphical interface. The operation data of all equipment is maintained by the settlement center. The operation parameters, blacklist updates, price lists and other equipment graphics are managed by the settlement center. The operation data of the device is sent by the settlement center to the terminal computer, and then sent to the vehicle terminal by the terminal computer, and the vehicle terminal transmits the data to the terminal computer. The settlement center is also a system security management and evaluation center.
The settlement center provides the system operators with more than a dozen comprehensive management summary reports, and the bus operation company selects the required reports from these reports. The report can be a daily report or a monthly report, and can be a summary report or a detailed statistical report used. These reports can be used to perform system financial accounting, as well as extensive statistical analysis of the operation of all lines in the system. The operation of each line can be monitored through detailed reports on the types of passengers and cards. The passenger quantity report can give the number of people at any time in the car, as well as a statistical table of all the trains, all the trains on a line or all the trains in the whole system. If the bus operator needs additional reports, the settlement center can provide raw transaction data to its service provider.
5 data transmission
Since buses on several lines share a bus terminal, multiple work stations need to be set up to provide sufficient bases to ensure communication between each terminal computer and the settlement center. These workbenches are connected to a MODEM via a telephone line sharer and are located in the staff office of the terminus. There should be a power outlet and at least one telephone line in the house.
5.1.1 Communication network
In such an economical and practical bus management system, transaction data and system configuration data are transmitted through a local public switched telephone network. The settlement center input requires several local telephone lines, so a corresponding number of modems need to be installed in the settlement center. For a small bus terminal, communication between the terminus computer and the settlement center requires one telephone line, one modem and one work station. For a large bus terminal, two telephone lines, two modems and several work stations are required. The communication between the vehicle terminal and the terminal computer is carried out via the communication interface. All devices in the settlement center are connected to a local area network. Data is also transmitted between the equipment of the issuing service point and the settlement center through the public switched telephone network.
5.1.2 Data Transfer
The data transmission between the vehicle terminal and the terminus computer can be carried out according to the transmission schedule determined by the bus operator. It takes about 30 seconds to transmit 5,000 transaction data, so the arrangement of downloading and uploading time can be very flexible. For example, it can be scheduled after the end of daily operations, or after each shift, or when the car is parked at its terminal. Similarly, the data transfer between the terminus computer and the settlement center can also be carried out in accordance with the schedule determined by the bus operator. For a general-scale terminal, the daily data transmission time is about 25 minutes. Therefore, data can be transferred at the end of each day's work or at any time of the day.
5.1.3 Data Protection
The management system provides protection for transaction data, system management data, and maintenance data.
1.1 Data confidentiality
Data that needs to be kept secret is implemented by an encryption algorithm. Modem communication between the terminus and the settlement center uses data encryption.
2.1 Data integrity
The function of preventing data from being illegally tampered, and verifying and verifying in the bus management and payment system to achieve data integrity.
3.1 Data retention
Data records are kept and not deleted until the settlement center verifies the receipts and data. At least 3 transaction records are saved on the general bus smart card, so that the cardholder can know the usage status of the card in time. After the card transaction data is transferred from the vehicle terminal to the terminating computer, the terminating computer will retain the data until it is notified from the settlement center that the data is deleted.
The use of the non-contact CPU smart card computer management system in the public transportation system is not only economically obvious, but also in the society to improve the civilized quality of citizens, realize the automatic management of public transportation, and demonstrate the spiritual outlook of modern cities. Good promotion. With the increasing maturity of contactless smart card application technology and the continuous decline of production costs, it is believed that the application of contactless smart cards in the field of bus management will become more and more extensive, and the application prospects are considerable.
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