4. Recycling of packaging waste. Environmental design of packaging should consider the recycling of packaging waste, including the following aspects:
(1) Packing materials should be selected to suit the existing recycling and recycling systems, or materials that may be established in the future for recycling and recycling systems, which can increase the recovery rate and reduce the recycling costs. Try to use materials that are currently mature in recycling technology. The use of easily identifiable materials or materials with identification marks facilitates separate recycling.
(2) Adopt a volume-reducing design, which can be folded after use, easy to apply pressure, easy to separate composite packaging materials, shape design suitable for transport volume reduction.
(3) Transparent or brown glass is used for the glass container. Try not to use stained glass.
(4) Plastic packaging should be made of plastic materials that can be degraded and compostable after use.
(5) Use packaging materials and designs that can be reused after simple handling (such as washing) as much as possible.
(6) Try to use reusable packaging containers.
(7) Try to choose materials that are not subject to secondary pollution during incineration or degradation, composting, and landfill disposal of packaging waste.
(8) Try to use recycled materials or waste materials as packaging materials.
(9) In the case of meeting functional requirements, try to choose a single material packaging design.
Third, recycling of packaging materials Glass, metal and paper packaging products can be returned to the raw materials and reused. Wastes that cannot be recycled in plastic packaging are mostly composite packaging wastes that can be burned or landfilled. In recent years, due to advances in small-scale thermal decomposition gasifiers, combustion furnaces, and small-scale power generation equipment, there has been an increase in the use of waste combustion to recover heat energy.
The recycling of packaging waste mainly includes the following aspects:
1, the recovery of glass containers. A large number of beer bottles, bottles, coke bottles and beverage bottles are used, followed by various medicine bottles. The recycling of beer bottles is an example of the successful recycling of waste. There are mainly reasonable recycling mechanisms, and consumers have formed a good sense. Medicinal bottles are usually mixed into municipal waste. Shaped bottles and less productive glass containers have low recoveries. Glass bottles that cannot be reused can be used as glass materials instead of silica sand, limestone, and soda ash. Its advantages are as follows:
(1) Save energy. A 10% increase in the amount of waste glass used in glass production can save about 3% of energy.
(2) Save raw materials and reduce pollution. Each use of 1 ton of waste glass can save 1.2 tons of raw materials. According to calculations, the energy consumption of 100kg of oil from raw material extraction, processing, packaging and transportation can be saved. In addition, the exhaust gas and dust emissions of the melting furnace can also be reduced.
The recycled waste glass containers are re-melted and used, and the recycled materials are processed and separated to separate colored glass, hard glass, iron, heavy metals and ceramics, in order to achieve the bottle quality requirements. Separation of waste glass and foreign matter is difficult to adopt conventional methods. Magnetic separation can remove magnetic materials. After crushing and wind sorting machine, it can finally reach 28 mesh and 90% glass powder.
2, the recycling of paper packaging. The larger paper packaging used for packaging cardboard and packaging cardboard, China's old corrugated paper has a stable recovery mechanism, basically can be recycled, but overall it lags behind developed countries. The recycling of paperboard, paper bags and packaging papers can be recycled by ordinary paper, but after softening, dispersing, filtering, and centrifuging to remove the bound iron, glue and other foreign materials, the printing ink is emulsified and decomposed and removed with a surfactant.
3, plastic packaging recycling. Promote reusable containers. The repeated use of containers is the best way to recycle plastic containers. The environmental burden is low. Waste plastic waste can be reduced and the cost can be reduced. Countries and large companies are actively working to implement them. At present, the reuse of large-scale plastic containers for industrial liquid raw materials or liquid products has been adopted by industrial and commercial sectors. Beverage containers and other liquid commodity containers, especially containers with large turnover, through the formulation of standard bottles, large-scale containers, standardization, functionalization, development of sterilization and washing technologies, and establishment of effective recycling mechanisms (such as universal recycling outlets, depository systems, etc.) ) Such measures can be reused.
(1) Marking. Plastic packaging is characterized by many varieties and similar appearance, which brings difficulties for recycling. Marking can facilitate classification, simplify processing and costs. At present, the plastic type identification marks formulated by the American Plastics Industry Association (SPI) are concise and easy to recognize and are recognized by enterprises and consumers. Germany established the DIN-1220 recycling mark in 1991.
(2) Plastic packaging material recycling technology. According to the implementation experience of the German and Japanese packaging and recycling laws, the recycling has always been prioritized for material recovery. Because it is a low-entropy treatment, it is subject to technical and economic constraints. Material recycling must be classified and recycled, and the quality of recycled products is low. With the maturity of the recycling mechanism and technological progress, the cost will be reduced and the proportion of materials recovered will increase. Chemical recovery is limited to individual species. PS, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pyrolysis recovery monomer, PET, nylon hydrolysis recovery monomer, currently depends mainly on economic rationality. The thermal oil vaporization of plastic packaging material, which can handle mixed plastic waste, is an ideal treatment method, but the price of recovered oil and gas is still higher than the price of crude oil. Economically more favorable than pyrolysis is that it can be used as a reductant and heat source for blast furnaces. The choice of various recycling methods is inseparable from the economic rationality and technological advancement. To promote the recycling of packaging waste, some countries have formulated social systems to share the economic policies of recycling.
4, recycling of metal packaging. China's industrial and commercial large-scale packaging steel barrels, aluminum barrels and aluminum cans are basically recovered. The large barrels are mainly reused. The aluminum cans are subject to the recycling mechanism, sorting, and smelting technologies. The recycled aluminum process is at the primary level. Generally, only low-value aluminum products can be made after melting. The metal recovery rate is only 70%-80. %. At present, China's annual aluminum oxide 1/3-1/2 depends on imports. Considering aluminum's good reproducibility, saving resources, energy, and reducing environmental burdens, it is necessary to further increase aluminum recycling. Whether it is the United States, which has a large aluminum production capacity, or Japan, which lacks resources, it attaches great importance to the recycling of aluminum.
IV. Recycling of foreign packaging materials Europe first issued the "Regulations on Packaging Management" in Germany and entered into force in 1991. The relevant manufacturers and distributors established the "Dual Waste Disposal System". Obvious effect has been received. From 1991 to 1995, the consumption of packaging materials decreased by 12%. However, before 1991, consumption has been rising. At the same time, the recycling ratio of waste packaging has also greatly increased.
After sorting, plastics are pelletized separately as raw materials for recycled plastic products, and mixed plastics are used as reducing agents for blast furnaces. Germany's "Regulations on Packaging Management" was substantially revised in 1998 and is stipulated as follows:
1, priority, control of the source> use (reuse, recycling)> processing;
2. Recognize that heat recovery plastics are included in the recycling process;
3. From 1999, the recycling rate of plastics is above 60%;
4. The material recycling rate reaches 60% (ie, 36% of total recycling capacity).
Japan formulated the “Container Packaging Recycling Act†in 1995 and implemented the recycling of iron, aluminum cans, glass bottles, beverage cartons, and PET bottles in 1997. In April 2000, it expanded to all containers, including cardboard boxes and other paper containers and other types of plastic containers. Plastic packaging is re-commercialized according to the requirements of the recycling method. The main methods are the recycling of materials, recycling of PET bottles, recycling of food containers, and so on. In addition, the use of chemical methods for recycling, through the high temperature thermal decomposition of waste plastics, decomposition into oil, gas as a chemical raw material or fuel, in 1996 the device has been built, can be used directly as a reducing agent for the blast furnace, used in coke oven carbon substitute setting device It is also under construction.
The Netherlands SVM organization is composed of 200 packaging companies, including packaging materials production, sales, beverage cans and recycling processing departments. In 1993, 28 packaging production and sales companies in the United Kingdom formed a production responsibility industrial group. Since the establishment of these organizations has improved the recycling system.
(1) Packing materials should be selected to suit the existing recycling and recycling systems, or materials that may be established in the future for recycling and recycling systems, which can increase the recovery rate and reduce the recycling costs. Try to use materials that are currently mature in recycling technology. The use of easily identifiable materials or materials with identification marks facilitates separate recycling.
(2) Adopt a volume-reducing design, which can be folded after use, easy to apply pressure, easy to separate composite packaging materials, shape design suitable for transport volume reduction.
(3) Transparent or brown glass is used for the glass container. Try not to use stained glass.
(4) Plastic packaging should be made of plastic materials that can be degraded and compostable after use.
(5) Use packaging materials and designs that can be reused after simple handling (such as washing) as much as possible.
(6) Try to use reusable packaging containers.
(7) Try to choose materials that are not subject to secondary pollution during incineration or degradation, composting, and landfill disposal of packaging waste.
(8) Try to use recycled materials or waste materials as packaging materials.
(9) In the case of meeting functional requirements, try to choose a single material packaging design.
Third, recycling of packaging materials Glass, metal and paper packaging products can be returned to the raw materials and reused. Wastes that cannot be recycled in plastic packaging are mostly composite packaging wastes that can be burned or landfilled. In recent years, due to advances in small-scale thermal decomposition gasifiers, combustion furnaces, and small-scale power generation equipment, there has been an increase in the use of waste combustion to recover heat energy.
The recycling of packaging waste mainly includes the following aspects:
1, the recovery of glass containers. A large number of beer bottles, bottles, coke bottles and beverage bottles are used, followed by various medicine bottles. The recycling of beer bottles is an example of the successful recycling of waste. There are mainly reasonable recycling mechanisms, and consumers have formed a good sense. Medicinal bottles are usually mixed into municipal waste. Shaped bottles and less productive glass containers have low recoveries. Glass bottles that cannot be reused can be used as glass materials instead of silica sand, limestone, and soda ash. Its advantages are as follows:
(1) Save energy. A 10% increase in the amount of waste glass used in glass production can save about 3% of energy.
(2) Save raw materials and reduce pollution. Each use of 1 ton of waste glass can save 1.2 tons of raw materials. According to calculations, the energy consumption of 100kg of oil from raw material extraction, processing, packaging and transportation can be saved. In addition, the exhaust gas and dust emissions of the melting furnace can also be reduced.
The recycled waste glass containers are re-melted and used, and the recycled materials are processed and separated to separate colored glass, hard glass, iron, heavy metals and ceramics, in order to achieve the bottle quality requirements. Separation of waste glass and foreign matter is difficult to adopt conventional methods. Magnetic separation can remove magnetic materials. After crushing and wind sorting machine, it can finally reach 28 mesh and 90% glass powder.
2, the recycling of paper packaging. The larger paper packaging used for packaging cardboard and packaging cardboard, China's old corrugated paper has a stable recovery mechanism, basically can be recycled, but overall it lags behind developed countries. The recycling of paperboard, paper bags and packaging papers can be recycled by ordinary paper, but after softening, dispersing, filtering, and centrifuging to remove the bound iron, glue and other foreign materials, the printing ink is emulsified and decomposed and removed with a surfactant.
3, plastic packaging recycling. Promote reusable containers. The repeated use of containers is the best way to recycle plastic containers. The environmental burden is low. Waste plastic waste can be reduced and the cost can be reduced. Countries and large companies are actively working to implement them. At present, the reuse of large-scale plastic containers for industrial liquid raw materials or liquid products has been adopted by industrial and commercial sectors. Beverage containers and other liquid commodity containers, especially containers with large turnover, through the formulation of standard bottles, large-scale containers, standardization, functionalization, development of sterilization and washing technologies, and establishment of effective recycling mechanisms (such as universal recycling outlets, depository systems, etc.) ) Such measures can be reused.
(1) Marking. Plastic packaging is characterized by many varieties and similar appearance, which brings difficulties for recycling. Marking can facilitate classification, simplify processing and costs. At present, the plastic type identification marks formulated by the American Plastics Industry Association (SPI) are concise and easy to recognize and are recognized by enterprises and consumers. Germany established the DIN-1220 recycling mark in 1991.
(2) Plastic packaging material recycling technology. According to the implementation experience of the German and Japanese packaging and recycling laws, the recycling has always been prioritized for material recovery. Because it is a low-entropy treatment, it is subject to technical and economic constraints. Material recycling must be classified and recycled, and the quality of recycled products is low. With the maturity of the recycling mechanism and technological progress, the cost will be reduced and the proportion of materials recovered will increase. Chemical recovery is limited to individual species. PS, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pyrolysis recovery monomer, PET, nylon hydrolysis recovery monomer, currently depends mainly on economic rationality. The thermal oil vaporization of plastic packaging material, which can handle mixed plastic waste, is an ideal treatment method, but the price of recovered oil and gas is still higher than the price of crude oil. Economically more favorable than pyrolysis is that it can be used as a reductant and heat source for blast furnaces. The choice of various recycling methods is inseparable from the economic rationality and technological advancement. To promote the recycling of packaging waste, some countries have formulated social systems to share the economic policies of recycling.
4, recycling of metal packaging. China's industrial and commercial large-scale packaging steel barrels, aluminum barrels and aluminum cans are basically recovered. The large barrels are mainly reused. The aluminum cans are subject to the recycling mechanism, sorting, and smelting technologies. The recycled aluminum process is at the primary level. Generally, only low-value aluminum products can be made after melting. The metal recovery rate is only 70%-80. %. At present, China's annual aluminum oxide 1/3-1/2 depends on imports. Considering aluminum's good reproducibility, saving resources, energy, and reducing environmental burdens, it is necessary to further increase aluminum recycling. Whether it is the United States, which has a large aluminum production capacity, or Japan, which lacks resources, it attaches great importance to the recycling of aluminum.
IV. Recycling of foreign packaging materials Europe first issued the "Regulations on Packaging Management" in Germany and entered into force in 1991. The relevant manufacturers and distributors established the "Dual Waste Disposal System". Obvious effect has been received. From 1991 to 1995, the consumption of packaging materials decreased by 12%. However, before 1991, consumption has been rising. At the same time, the recycling ratio of waste packaging has also greatly increased.
After sorting, plastics are pelletized separately as raw materials for recycled plastic products, and mixed plastics are used as reducing agents for blast furnaces. Germany's "Regulations on Packaging Management" was substantially revised in 1998 and is stipulated as follows:
1, priority, control of the source> use (reuse, recycling)> processing;
2. Recognize that heat recovery plastics are included in the recycling process;
3. From 1999, the recycling rate of plastics is above 60%;
4. The material recycling rate reaches 60% (ie, 36% of total recycling capacity).
Japan formulated the “Container Packaging Recycling Act†in 1995 and implemented the recycling of iron, aluminum cans, glass bottles, beverage cartons, and PET bottles in 1997. In April 2000, it expanded to all containers, including cardboard boxes and other paper containers and other types of plastic containers. Plastic packaging is re-commercialized according to the requirements of the recycling method. The main methods are the recycling of materials, recycling of PET bottles, recycling of food containers, and so on. In addition, the use of chemical methods for recycling, through the high temperature thermal decomposition of waste plastics, decomposition into oil, gas as a chemical raw material or fuel, in 1996 the device has been built, can be used directly as a reducing agent for the blast furnace, used in coke oven carbon substitute setting device It is also under construction.
The Netherlands SVM organization is composed of 200 packaging companies, including packaging materials production, sales, beverage cans and recycling processing departments. In 1993, 28 packaging production and sales companies in the United Kingdom formed a production responsibility industrial group. Since the establishment of these organizations has improved the recycling system.
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