In the past two decades, solid phase extraction devices have emerged as a powerful tool for chemical separation and purification. From pretreatment of trace samples to industrial-scale chemical separation, adsorbent extraction plays an increasingly important role in pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, biomedicine, food analysis, organic synthesis, environment and other fields.
Solid phase extraction is a physical extraction process including liquid phase and solid phase. In solid phase extraction, the adsorption force of solid to the isolate is greater than the solvent that dissolves the isolate. When the sample solution passes through the adsorbent bed, the isolate is concentrated on its surface, and other sample components pass through the adsorbent bed; by adsorbing only the isolate and not adsorbing other sample components, a high-purity and concentrated isolate can be obtained.
Retention and elution
The most common method in solid phase extraction is to pack the solid adsorbent in a syringe column and pass the sample solution through the adsorbent bed. The compounds in the sample either pass through the adsorbent or remain on the adsorbent (depending on the Relative adsorption of solvent). "Retention" is a phenomenon that exists between the molecules of the adsorbent and the separator, causing the separator to not move on the adsorbent when the sample solution passes through the adsorbent bed. Retention is the effect of three factors: isolate, solvent and adsorbent. Therefore, the retention behavior of a given isolate varies in the presence of different solvents and adsorbents. "Elution" is a process in which the separator remaining on the adsorbent is removed from the adsorbent by adding a solvent that attracts the separator more strongly than the adsorbent.
Capacity and selectivity
The capacity of the adsorbent is under optimal conditions, and the unit amount of adsorbent can retain a strong retention of the total amount of the isolate. The capacity of different bonded silica adsorbents varies widely. Selectivity is the ability of the adsorbent to distinguish the isolate from other sample matrix compounds, that is, to retain the isolate to remove other sample compounds. A highly selective adsorbent is one that retains only the isolate from the sample matrix. Adsorbent selectivity is the function of three parameters: the chemical structure of the isolate, the nature of the adsorbent, and the composition of the sample matrix.
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