This situation is often encountered in the creation, the general reason is not enough to understand the object itself. Most of the great details produced in the draft stage are just coincidences from casual strokes. These coincidences are uncontrollable. If we rely on long-term dependence, the creative state will continue to be unstable.
If you want to continue with more in-depth details, you must start over and follow the steps, carefully overlay them one by one, and then rationally analyze and then observe them. There may be new gains.
The most important thing to learn about the human body structure is to control the whole body first. This whole is to re-disassemble the anatomical knowledge of the limbs and reintegrate the shape with the concept of structure. When writing, first outline the image in the overall consciousness. We must define the whole body. The beginning and ending of any piece of bone and muscle itself is not as important as the relationship between body shape and movement. Therefore, many anatomical knowledge needs to be contained when expressing the human body. In order to coordinate the relationship between the human body and the whole body, we summarize the local musculoskeletal mass into a mass, observe the law of motion between them, and take the points of the turning, and discard the anatomical shapes that do not work for the whole. After constructing this step kernel in the general image, then finalize the final shape of the outer contour edge.
The only way we can practice the establishment of the overall relationship in Linyi is to compare, one form and the other form, to get the primary and secondary, take the small things and the big things, and thus understand the induction.
It should be noted that the basic shape of the trunk is always bilaterally symmetrical, so in the case of movement and different angles, it is necessary to pay attention to the law of perspective.
The clavicle and the scapula form a ring above the thorax. I generally use it as an upside-down hanger for general understanding. Some people compare it to a bow. . This depends on personal preference. The clavicle can move up and down with the clavicle as the axis, and can also move horizontally forward and backward. It can also draw a circle and drive the shoulder blade movement.
The clavicle and scapula are important components of the chest. Although they move over a wide range when the upper limbs move, they do not leave the thoracic mass, but add many rich changes to the thoracic mass. The difficulty of understanding.
The upper limb of the trunk is connected to the shoulder blade and the lower limb is connected to the pelvis.
Start with the vertebrae. There are 24 vertebrae, the first to seventh are cervical vertebrae, the 8th to 19th are thoracic vertebrae, and the 20th to 24th are lumbar vertebrae. The tibia is attached to the spine, and the pelvis is connected to the tibia.
The upper edge of the pelvis is a scorpion, which is the boundary between the human waist and the hip bone. It is also an important structural structure exposed on the body surface. The thinner person is here to form a step that protrudes outward, a fatter person and a stronger one. The upper sacral spine forms a groove here, of course, men and women are not the same. The strong male here is called the legendary mermaid line.
According to observations, the strong external muscle group of the strong man forms two obvious masses on the tibia on both sides of the waist. The degree of robustness depends to a large extent on the development of this group of muscles, while middle-aged men Infrequent exercise, this place is convenient for the tragedy of Xiao Lizi, so that this group of muscles are covered under fat.
The female pelvis is large, the external oblique muscles are underdeveloped, and the young woman's body surface can hardly see it, forming a thin waist smaller than the thoracic and pelvic bones.
The amplitude of the three-segment vertebrae is different. The amplitude of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae is the largest, and the amplitude of the thoracic vertebra is the smallest.
Above, about the trunk point to the end.
The complexity of the human body, first of all to control the proportion and basic points of the big.
In-depth study, more detailed content needs to consult the relevant anatomical information, here is no longer listed one by one.
Look at the limbs again.
Upper limb structure points:
The structure of the big arm can be understood as a few rectangular parallelepiped. The first piece is the shoulder deltoid muscle. When the big arm is naturally drooping, the palm is inward. There is a concave and convex shape between the muscles and the muscles.
The big arm and the small arm are important parts of the human body and a symbol of strength, so the muscle group does play a decisive role in the external structure of the big arm.
In terms of strength and muscle difficulty, our focus is on the arm.
The muscles of the big arm are composed of the deltoid muscle (three faces), the biceps muscle (protruding when forced), the triceps, the diaphragm (the lateral head, the medial head), and the diaphragm.
The arm muscle consists of the extensor muscle group (the diaphragm, the radial wrist longissimus, the radial wrist short muscle), the extensor muscle group (extensor muscle, ulnar wrist extensor muscle, elbow muscle), flexor muscle group (front circle) The muscle, the radial wrist flexor, the long palm muscle, and the ulnar wrist flexor.
The arm has many muscles and its role in motion is extremely complicated. So there is absolutely no need to remember every muscle, but group them to understand their styling characteristics.
If the ulna
The olecranon, ulna line and ulna small head are bounded, the flexor muscles are on the inside of the ulnar ulna line, the extensor muscles are on the outside of the ulna line, and the forearm extensors are on the humerus side.
Compared with the extensor muscle group, the flexor muscle group is more developed and thicker, and the curvature is obvious. The structural transition between the flexor and extensor groups forms a clear sulcus that is the location of the ulnar line, and the olecranon and ulnar small ends at both ends enhance the separation between them. The boundary between the upper part of the extensor muscle group and the extensor muscle group is not very obvious. At some angle, they can be combined.
The three groups of muscles of the lower arm are in the lower two-thirds, gradually changing from thick muscle tissue to tendon, losing the thickness of the volume, and structurally, the skeleton formed between the big head of the wrist and the small head of the ulna. The relationship replaces the main role of the muscle, allowing the cross-section of the upper arm of the wrist to gradually transition into a clearer rectangle.
Look at the lower limbs.
We also distinguish the legs with the thighs and calves. The thigh bone corresponding to the big arm humerus is called the femur, and the calf bone corresponding to the ulna of the small arm is called the tibia. The tibia corresponding to the tibia is called the tibia. The tibia and the tibia have not evolved into a structure that can rotate to the left and right like the ulna and the tibia. The big one is small, and the humerus is the skeleton that mainly supports the weight of the human body. It is thicker than the humerus, and the tibia is supported by the outside of the tibia.
The hip muscles include the gluteus maximus, the gluteus medius, and the tensor fascia.
The anterior thigh muscles include the rectus muscle, the extra-femoral muscle, the intraosseous muscle, and the medial femoral muscle.
Looking at the three muscles of the thigh from the side, the rectus femoris is about the highest in the thigh from the bottom to the top two-thirds, and gradually becomes the tendon. The appearance looks like insertion between the femoral muscle and the extra-femoral muscle.
The sartorius muscles appear in them, starting from the anterior spinous process of the humerus, ending in the medial aspect of the humeral process, with the external rotation of the thigh and the lifting of the thigh to the trunk.
In order to facilitate the memory, we will simplify it a bit.
The muscles in the legs are elastic and there are few hard turnings, but the shape of the knees is hard. In contrast, the hard block structure dominates. Although the knee joint is the starting point for multiple muscles, all muscles have been transformed into tendons here, and bone is the key.
The calf muscles include the gastrocnemius muscle, the tibialis anterior muscle, the long extensor digitorum, the tibialis brevis, and the soleus muscle.
From the front of the leg, the gastrocnemius muscle forms a curved arc on the inner and outer sides of the calf, wherein the outer arc is gentler than the inner arc, and the protruding point of the outer curve of the calf is higher than the protruding point of the inner arc. Two-thirds of the upper part of the gastrocnemius to the calf is thick muscle tissue. This section is large and small, and the upper end is inserted into the two tendons separated from the thigh back muscles to form a depression. The tendon formed above the calcaneus, also known as the Achilles tendon, forms a prominent structural shape at the back of the foot.
The tibialis anterior muscle is close to the lateral side of the tibial line, and the thickest part of the tibia from the bottom to the top is two-thirds. Here, the tibialis anterior muscle is higher than the tibia line, which makes the tibial line form an inward concave structure.
The extensor digitorum longus is located outside the tibialis anterior muscle and often forms a structural mass on the body surface and the tibialis anterior muscle.
The tibialis anterior muscle consists of the tibialis anterior and the tibia short muscles. It starts from the small head of the humerus and points behind the humerus. Stop at the outside of the iliac crest and the calcaneus.
Acting on the outside of the lifting foot.
The soleus muscle starts from the posterior end of the tibia and the humeral head of the knee joint, and the lower achilles tendon stops at the sole of the foot, acting on the rotating foot surface to lift the foot. Viewed from the front, they can be seen on the lower side of the lateral calf muscle of the calf, and at this time the effect on the medial side is greater. It is one of the important structures of the legs.
Additional content about the basic structure: the foot.
Usually, the foot refers to the part of the human body and the lower part of the body that touches the ground. It is an important weight-bearing organ and moving organ of the human body. Sometimes, the foot can also refer to the support portion of the non-living object or the lowermost or last portion. The structure of the bones is stronger and supports the weight of the body. The foot consists of 26 bones and is divided into three parts; the heel, the waist and the forefoot.
When drawing the foot, the arch, heel and ankle are not changed by the movement.
We want to focus on the areas with the most muscle changes, the sacral muscles and the soles of the feet, and the toes. When the foot changes in perspective due to movement, how the relatively complicated toe of the foot is expressed, the key point is the nail on the toe.
The heel is composed of 7 bones and is responsible for direct weight bearing, and most of the body weight (50%) falls on the heel. The waist is composed of 5 long bones that are responsible for connecting the forefoot and heel and transferring the weight of the body to the forefoot. The forefoot is made up of 14 small bones that have the ability to withstand weight and balance the body and hold the ground without tilting the body. In order to support the whole weight, the bottom of the foot produces a number of arches, especially the inner arch is relatively developed, large and firm. Through the tibia, the weight added directly from the top is the equivalent of the talus of the joint. After that, it is completely withstood by the strong inner bow with the front end of the inner side of the calcaneus and the ground point of the first foot bone as two base points.
During exercise, the foot tries to stay in contact with the ground plane at any position, so the arch of the foot changes accordingly. In exercise, the foot can be almost in line with the calf, but when landing, the outer or heel first touches the ground, and the entire foot falls to the inside.
We turn the foot inward toward the body, called the adduction, and the outward rotation is called abduction. The abduction and adduction are controlled by the ankle that bypasses the internal and external humerus. The ankle on the lateral humerus affects the foot outward, and the ankle on the internal humerus turns the foot inward. The foot can rotate and lift the inside edge. The muscle that produces this movement is the tendon from the outside of the calf to the inside of the calf, to the bottom of the phalanx of the arch to the big toe, called the iliac crest.
For me, human exercise is a process from the control of the whole to the partial decomposition, decomposition and recombination of proofreading. The cognition of them will change at different stages and need to be learned repeatedly.
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