According to an article published in the journal PloS Biology in August, scientists have recently identified a cell that can change its identity during the formation of Drosophila embryos. Scientists call these cells "mixer cells." Through model studies, scientists have found that they help relieve tissue tension. This discovery reveals how tissues adapt to changes during embryogenesis, or may open new directions for regenerative medicine research.
Multicellular organisms are composed of many different types of cells (skin, liver or nerve cells, etc.). They originate from non-specialized primitive cells and are finally specialized through differentiation mechanisms. These cells form separate layers, allowing organs to form correctly. Through stratification, cells can perform two functions: once differentiated, they will maintain their own special identity, while cells on a specific layer will still gather and will not mix with cells in other layers.
The researchers observed the dorsal closure of Drosophila embryos. During the critical period of fruit fly embryo formation, the two surface layers merge and close, which is like wound repair. By observing the embryos during the period of dorsal closure, the researchers found that one type of cell can assume two roles. In fact, these cells are capable of two kinds of identity transformation. The change of identity or cell adhesion has been understood by researchers in some previous studies. This process will occur in the course of disease or some other specific environment. In this case, cell stickiness did not occur under these known premises.
The researchers said that such cells are controlled by specific genes that are also involved in tissue regeneration in adult fruit flies. In addition, these genes will form the JNK signaling pathway, which also exists in vertebrates. This genetically controlled cell stickiness mechanism is a unique type of cellular behavior, and scientists observed this phenomenon for the first time during embryogenesis.
Once differentiated, these cells move from one level to another, even crossing barriers that are considered impenetrable. In addition, as the number of cell migration increases, tissue tension also becomes greater. Scientists have discovered that in an unknown process, the viscous mechanism of mixed cells can sense the intervention of neighboring cells, so the tissue can adapt to changes in tension during embryogenesis.
This study describes a novel cell adhesion mechanism during embryo morphogenesis, or it may provide new ideas for the study of cellular mechanisms in the rehabilitation process.
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