2 Domestic and Foreign Production Overview
There have been all-starch plastic products in foreign countries. Sumitomo Corporation, Japan, Japan Grain Starch, American Novon International, Italian Ferruzzi and Novamont have announced that they have successfully developed full starch degradable plastics (w (starch) = 90% to 100%). It can be completely biodegraded in 1 to 12 months without leaving any traces and no pollution. It can be used to make various containers, films and garbage bags. However, due to the price, at this stage, it can only be used as a container for senior cosmetics and the US Navy's sea food [2,3,32]. Among them, the production capacity of “NOVON†full-starch plastic products of Novon International of the United States has reached 45,000t/a, and the production capacity of “MaterBi†full-starch plastic products developed by Novamont of Italy has reached 10,000 t/a.
Domestic Qiu Weiyang et al. [33] also reported the successful development of full-starch plastics. The thermoplastic starch film had a starch content of 90%, and its performance basically met the standards of traditional plastics of the same type. By controlling the formulation, different degradation rates of 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months can be achieved. However, according to the survey, currently domestic industrialized biodegradable plastics are chemically synthesized polyesters and filled starch degradable plastics, and there is no report on the production of whole starch plastics with a starch mass fraction of more than 90%. Therefore, in the production of whole starch degradable plastics, there is still a big gap between China and foreign countries.
3 There is a problem
(1) Degradation performance
At present, the degradation rate of most full-starch plastic products is too slow, and the degradation rate is lower than the accumulation rate. At the same time, due to the product formulation and production process and other reasons, the human degradation rate of product degradation is not good.
(2) Use performance
The performance of full-starch plastics developed at home and abroad is generally not as good as that of ordinary plastics currently in use, mainly due to poor heat resistance and water resistance, insufficient physical strength, and is only suitable for manufacturing disposable products. Starch-degrading plastics have poor wet strength. Once water is contacted, the mechanical properties are greatly reduced, and good water resistance is the greatest advantage of traditional plastics in use. At the same time, due to poorer physical strength than conventional plastics, the quality of the products is greater than that of the plastics and the cost is increased to ensure the performance of the products.
(3) Price
The price of full-degradable plastics is now 3 to 8 times higher than current plastics. Although all-starch plastics are the most promising products in the existing biodegradable plastics, they are currently the same as ordinary plastics. The prices are much higher than those of ordinary plastics, and promotion is limited. Therefore, in addition to medical and high-value-added packaging materials, disposable starch bags, disposable tableware, garbage bags, and agricultural films, which have a large environmental impact, are still hard to get into. Due to the low price of starch, full-starch plastic is the lowest cost biodegradable plastic. With the deepening of research, the price of full-starch plastics and general plastics is quite possible [4,34].
The above aspects are the problems that need to be solved in the research of domestic and foreign full-starch plastics, further improve the technology of degradable plastics, improve the formula, increase the artificial control of the degradation rate of the whole starch plastics, improve the mechanical properties of the products and reduce the product cost. The research and development trend of all-starch plastics.
4 Conclusion
The potential market for biodegradable plastics is enormous. At present, packaging materials, agricultural materials and disposable plastic products suitable for using degradable plastics account for about 30% of the total plastic output. As a new generation of environmentally friendly materials, the development of full-starch degradable plastics is of great significance to the protection of the global environment and the use of renewable resources. All-starch degradable plastic uses starch as a raw material, which reduces the dependence on petroleum and promotes the development of agricultural economy. It can be biodegraded in the natural environment and eventually decomposed into carbon dioxide and water without any pollution to the environment. With the increase in the demand for plastic products and people's awareness of environmental protection, the prospects for the development and production of whole starch degradable plastics are very broad.
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